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The sound of H can be represented in
several ways, the choice being influenced by which makes the best join and
therefore most legible outline:
-
Upward Hay, used by
the majority of outlines.
-
Downward Hay is
used when alone and before simple Kay Gay.
-
Initial Downward Hay is
shortened to a tick before Em Imp Ell Ar Rer Ard.
-
Dot Hay – a dot written next
to the following vowel, used when the other methods are not
convenient or
possible.
-
In compound words
and derivatives,
the form that joins best is generally used.
-
Only used to
represent the sound. A silent longhand H is not represented in
shorthand.
-
As many examples as possible have been
given, so that you can base new outlines on existing known
ones.
Quick Reminders
Upward Hay
– Large Medial Circle
Downward Hay
Tick Hay
– Tick versus full
Downward Hay
– Tick Hay in Phrases
Dot Hay
– Dot Hay in compound words
Prefixes
Short forms with
H sound
Derivatives
Hay compared with similar
circles and strokes
When not to use
QUICK REMINDERS – one of each
usage:
UP: head hammer hacker heckle hurry hose
hen half hat hunt behave racehorse
DOWN: high
highly hook hug ahem Bahamas
TICK: hem
hump hear hearer hole, for whom
DOT:
uphill loophole exhume
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Upward Hay
Upward Hay is the most used form –
it is preferable as it is a forward moving stroke:
happy hop hype hope hip heap
hoop/whoop hypothesis hypothetical hypocrisy
hob hobby hautboy hub habit
hod head heading headmaster
headstrong
headway ahead heed hood haddock hide/Hyde
hidden Howden Hudson Hattie haughty hotel*
*pronunciation without the H sound is
less common nowadays
hottest heighten hiatus hatch hedge hedgerow
huge hijack hitch
hutch Hutchinson Hodges
Hannah honey honeymoon hunch hinge
hyena heinous Hendon Honduras Hindi
hang hanger hung
hunger
hank honk huffy heavy havoc
hyphen haven Havana hath heath
hawthorn*
*although "haw" uses downward Hay,
this derivative needs upward Hay to produce an angle at the join
hithe/hythe heathen hussy*
hazy hash hush
*2 pronunciations -ss- and -zz-
Hiawatha
haywire Hawaii Hawaiian
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Ray following:
Harry Harrow hurry hairy hero
harass Harris Harrison horizon horizontal
heron
Huron heresy heretic
Harriet hardy*
horrid hurried heredity
* "hearty" and
"hardy" are distinguishing outlines; hardy follows the
rule, hearty does not.
hoarded herded compare hoard herd
heroic haricot hurricane Harrogate
horrify
horrible herring hearth
Harold
hurdle heroine harrier hairier
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Hook following:
hoper hopper hypertension hibernate
Hibernian haberdashery Hebrew hubris
hotter hider header heater hooter
hydrogen
hydraulic hydro-electric* hydration
hatcher hedger
* "electric" is a contraction.
Take care that "hydraulic" and "hydro-electric" are not read for each other.
hacker hawker hiker hugger haggard
heifer hover heaver hoover heather hither
hammer hummer
humour* hamper
hampered hankered hunkered/hungered
*the pronunciation "yumour" is
less common nowadays
L Hook following:
haply hobble Hubble huddle hackle heckle
huckleberry
haggle haggler hovel
Halved:
hat hats hatbox hat-trick hot
hotly hotspot hotbed
height hut hate hateful heat heating heatwave heatstroke
Doubled:
hunter hinder (=further back)
hinder (=obstruct) hounder
hinterland
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Final attachments:
hen hens/hence hewn
hone Henry Henley
hint hints hindered* hindrance hound hundred hunt
huntress
*typo corrected 12Apr2014 to
"hindered" (this had been shown as "hind")
half halved/haft hafts hive
huff Hove
hoof hoof's/hooves haste host hast
hoist
heist Hester hustings Hastings Haitian
Circle S following:
hawse haze/hays hose/hoes huss hues/hews/Hughes
hiss hisses
hissing house/Howe's housing housewife husband housebound
hasp hyssop
hospice hospital Hispanic
hesitate hesitation hostel hostile
hostility
history historical hysterical hazard hazardous
hawser husk hassock Hoskins
hyacinth haziness hustle hazel
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Medially (see below
for how to form the Hay circle going back on itself):
behave behaved behaviour behoove beehive
behind behest behead boyhood babyhood
cubby-hole uphold behold withhold
foothold
high-heeled upheaval haphazard biohazard
pea-hen abhor prohibit rehabilitation
Tahiti prehistoric antihistamine top-heavy
adhere adhesive
dehydrate rehydrate rehang
overhang overhaul overhear overheard overhunt
unheeding unhesitating unhesitatingly* unhindered unholy
*Outlines like this look unwritable
with all the vowel signs inserted, but are easy to write unhesitatingly when unvocalised!
unhinge unhitch unhampered unhygienic
enhance enhearten
unhurried downhearted
foolhardy Fieldhouse
field-hospital playhouse brewhouse
outhouse gatehouse Woodhouse hothouse
clubhouse guest-house warehouse weigh-house
poorhouse* Whitehouse rehouse rehash rehearsal
* "poorhouse" and "beerhouse"
are distinguishing outlines
bloodhound wolfhound deadhead hot-head bareheaded
overhead
overheat deadheat
reheat preheat superheated
Finally:
Idaho Jehu Yahoo
Large Medial Circle A Circle S can be
enlarged so that it includes a following Hay circle, but this large circle must be written
so that the result still resembles upward Hay, i.e. mostly written
going back on itself (see below for
formation of this circle). Only a few words use this:
racehorse clothes-horse post-haste
dust-heap doss-house
Fitzhugh Fitzherbert Fitzhenry
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Downward Hay
Use when the H sound is the only consonant in the
word:
high/hie haw/haugh* hay/hey Hoo Hoey Hoy Howe/how**
*haugh = water-meadow
**"how" noun, meaning a low hill
hew/hue/Hugh
ha ho/hoe aha oho ahoy Ohio
Retain in derivatives where a syllable is added
(see also Derivatives below for -s, -n and -ed):
hayloft haymaker haymow hayrick
haystack
hewer hewing rough-hew rough-hewing hoer hoeing hieing heyday boohoo
higher highest highly highness high-class
high-born
Highbury highflyer high-priest
highroad highway
high-seas, hey presto, high-pressure*
*optional contraction
Use before simple Kay Gay:
hack hackney hike hake hook hoax
huckster Hawkins hexagon hexagonal Huxley
hector hick hiccup huckaback hectic hectare
hag haggis hug Haig/Hague Higgins Highgate Hugo
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Medially and finally: use when upstroke not
convenient – sometimes the choice is made because of the join with
the following stroke, rather than the preceding stroke e.g.
"Abraham". Note that the downward Hay can only take a final Circle S
when it is attached to another stroke, because only then is it
obvious it is a Hay and not some other stroke. The circle part
of the Hay is written anticlockwise (diagram
below):
cohabit mayhap mayhem Limehouse Abraham
behemoth anhydrous annihilate nihilism inhuman
all-hail All-Hallows
billhook Lahore lahar
ad hoc* hulahoop lighthouse alehouse Brighouse
farmhouse
*this is the only instance of a
Downward Hay following stroke D – "hoc" is a separate word and this
outline is really behaving like a mini-phrase.
wheelhouse summerhouse maharajah Sahara Mohican Mohawk
mahogany music-hall tomahawk mohair Leghorn
cowherd cohere
cohort cohesive
incoherent Gehenna
Final: aloha tally-ho Mayhew Omaha mahout
cowhide cahoot cahoots anyhow know-how/no-how* sky-high
*Always insert the vowel, to
distinguish it from "anyhow"
Shanghai shanghaied haw-haw heigh-ho
Soho Sheehy
Before Ray: Upward Hay is generally used before
Ray, but a few words produce better outlines with downward Hay. The
first four are taking advantage of halving the Ray, and the last two are
avoiding 3 straight strokes in succession which would be illegible:
hortative heritage
heritable horticulture heritor hierarchy
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Tick Hay
Downward Hay is reduced to a tick (i.e. just the
lower third of the stroke):
-
Before simple Em
Imp, upward Ell, Ar Rer Ard – MNEMONIC: HoMeLieR
-
Used only
initially, never medially or finally.
-
The tick is treated
as an initial attachment, like Circle S.
It therefore does not
count as the first stroke when placing the outline in position
and is not used if a vowel precedes it.
Em: ham hammock
hamster hamstring homage
hominy
haulm home hem hemmed hymn humble Humphrey
hemisphere haemoglobin hemorrhage haematite homicide
Himalaya
whom humid humidity humidify
humility humanity human*
humane*
humus/humous hummus**
*these two are positioned
according to the second vowel, in order to provide distinguishing
outlines.
**humus=soil, humous=pertaining to
vegetable mould, hummus=chickpea spread
Emp: hemp hempen hempseed
Hampshire Hampton
humbug
Ell:
hall/haul hollow holly hallow halo hello Hayley
hauled holiday hold/holed Hilda haulage
Holocaust
Halifax
health Helen helm helmet helium
help
hole/whole holey/holy wholly wholesale wholesome holster
hull hulk hill hillock hillside hallelujah
halt
halter holder hilt Hilton
Hilary hilarious
heel/heal heliograph howl howler hailstone
Ar, Ard:
here/hear heard hearer hearsay hereby
hire hired hireling
hair/hare
hairpin harebell harp harpoon herb*
Herbert harbour
*pronunciation without the H sound is
less common nowadays
hurt heart/hart hearty*
hard hardly harden hark hearken
Harcourt
* "hearty" and "hardy"
are distinguishing outlines; hardy follows the rule, hearty does
not.
Harvey harvest harvester hurl hurled harsh
harm harem harmony
Herman harness
horse horseback horseman horse-power
horseshoe hoarse
her hers/hearse Hurst horn Horner horror horror horary*
Harare**
* "horary"
avoids upward Hay+Ray+Ray which would make an unacceptable outline
of 3 continuous strokes in the same direction.
** "Harare"
not in dictionary, could also be written like "horary".
The form offered here, using
two of stroke Ray,
accords with the accented vowels that follow them – take your
choice.
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Tick versus full
Downward Hay If the H sound has an initial vowel before, or triphone after, use the full stroke.
This is the only time that the stroke Hay indicates the presence of a vowel
or triphone. (This rule is the same as that for the use of Circle S
versus stroke Ess, and Hook En versus stroke En):
hem ahem, hull ahull
hare O'Hare, horse ahorse
ham Higham/Hyam hiemation, howl
Howell hyaline
heard Howard, hoot
Hewitt Howitt Howitzer
Tick Hay in phrases
Tick Hay may occur medially in a phrase. Vocalisation should be
considered, as in a phrase it is identical to Tick The. You cannot
use both ticks together in a phrase:
for whom, in her
compare in the
air
Note the exact placement of first place vowels
in regard to the tick – the vowel sign is placed at the extreme end
of the stroke, necessary so that the vowel sign is not mistaken for
a second place vowel. This does not mean that the vowel is spoken
before the H – if there were a vowel before the H, you would be using a full downward Hay
stroke to place it against. Note also that the tick does not count
as the first up or downstroke:
ham haulm hem homestead hemstitch
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Dot Hay
Use Dot Hay when the other forms cannot
conveniently be written. It is only used if the resultant outline
remains legible when unvocalised.
-
Mostly used in compound words, where
the original form of Hay would make
an awkward join.
-
Never used initially or finally.
-
The dot is always placed
close against the
vowel that comes after the H sound, and both signs are placed against the
following stroke,
regardless of whether the vowel is a first, second or third place
one (as the H is medial, this is similar to the behaviour of vowels after a medial
Circle S or medial hook).
-
The sign for a
vowel that is sounded immediately before the H sound also
remains with its own stroke, whether first second or third place
vowel, because it cannot "jump" over the H, e.g. "apprehend"
below
-
The dot is always
written against a vowel sign. If you omit the vowel sign, then
also omit the Dot Hay. Dot Hay on its own is meaningless, but a
vowel sign on its own is preferable, when hard-pressed, if you
feel the outline needs it for clarity.
Note the exact placement of the Dot Hay:
-
Over a dot vowel, so they occupy the same position
against the stroke, i.e. a line drawn between them would resemble a
dash vowel. The Dot Hay is the outer one of the two. The two dots are not side by side in
relation to the stroke.
-
Immediately before and beside a dash vowel,
which will vary according to the direction of the stroke.
-
To the left side of a diphthong.
Blackheath loophole pinhole manorhouse
This can look similar to two vowel signs written
together e.g. genii nuclei
tracheae*
but as Dot Hay is never used finally and is never
placed immediately after a stroke, this does not present a problem.
*see
outlines on Vowels page
apprehend apprehension reprehend
philharmonic
unwholesome
unhappy unhealthy unharness unheard unhurt
alcohol
perhaps mishap vehicle*
dehumanise**
*choice of pronunciations
**always insert the U diphthong, so it does not clash with "demonise",
although if you wanted a non-dictionary distinguishing outline,
using downward Hay would make sense (as in "ad hoc")
upholster
grasshopper diehard firehose exhale exhume
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Dot Hay in compound words
Some outlines that use stroke Hay will change to Dot
Hay when they are part of a compound word, either because stroke Hay
is inconvenient or impossible to join, or to obtain a briefer
outline. The list is not
exhaustive:
hall – townhall guildhall Whitehall
Vauxhall
handed – lefthanded right-handed high-handed open-handed
short-handed
head – letterhead Godhead figurehead loggerhead Whitehead
bulkhead blockhead axehead hogshead pinhead drumhead
hearted – faint-hearted kind-hearted
warm-hearted hard-hearted light-hearted
hill – uphill downhill foothill Redhill Cornhill
hog – hedgehog roadhog groundhog warthog
hold – household freehold
stronghold
leasehold leaseholder shareholder penholder
hole – porthole air-hole armhole
bolt-hole coal-hole mousehole
manhole pothole pigeonhole sinkhole
hood – neighbourhood knighthood falsehood
likelihood livelihood
manhood womanhood adulthood childhood girlhood
maidenhood
widowhood
brotherhood*
priesthood*
*optional contractions
horse – hobbyhorse rocking-horse
coach-horse
hook – fishhook
boathook pruning-hook sheep-hook
horn – greenhorn longhorn
Langhorne hartshorn
hound – greyhound foxhound staghound
hawk – sparrow-hawk
goshawk night-hawk news-hawk
house – alms-house
boarding-house boiler-house beerhouse*
* "poorhouse"
and "beerhouse" are distinguishing outlines; poorhouse
follows the rule, beerhouse does not
clearing-house counting-house
dwelling-house eating-house
glasshouse greenhouse henhouse penthouse townhouse
ice-house oast-house storehouse wash-house long-house meeting-house
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Prefixes
Initial in- , when not a negative, is shown by a small
"-in" hook to
upward Hay only.(This hook is only used for inh- instr- inskr-) The hook does not need vocalising,
as the vowel
is included in the meaning of the hook. The stroke Hay still goes
through the line because the first sounded vowel is a third
place one, despite it not being represented by a dot:
inhale inhaled inhalant inhabit inhibition
inherent inherit inheritance
Negatives in- and un- use stroke N,
which makes a much more reliable outline, considering that
the meanings are opposites:
inhospitable inhuman inharmonious unhelpful
uninhabited
uninhabitable
disinherit as the
"in-" hook cannot be used medially.
hetero- Most use halved downward Hay:
heterodox heterogeneous heteronym heterocarpous
These three use upward Hay for better join before
Gay Em Ell:
heterogamous heteromorphous heterology
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Short forms
with H sound:
had which have however him himself hand
has his when what who how why, for he can
( "he" in phrases only)
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Derivatives
Some words that use downward Hay on its own, use upward Hay
to accommodate attachments and to form single-syllable
derivatives:
hoe hoes/hose hoed, hie hies/highs hied/hide
hew
hews hewed hewn
Derivatives need to keep their full stroke:
highly but holly, Highland
but Holland
hoe hoer
(one who hoes)
but hoar,
higher
but
hire
Where the rules call for a downward Ell (see
Theory 14 L Forms page), Tick Hay
cannot be used:
hallucination halcyon compare
haloes
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Hay compared with
similar
circles and strokes
Writing the Circle Stroke Hay must never be allowed to resemble
S-CH or S-Ray, so medially and finally it is sometimes necessary to write the circle
going back upon itself. The use of such an abrupt change of
direction is always kept to an absolute
minimum in the rules of Pitman's Shorthand. Whichever method is used to write the
Hay, the final shape is always the same, i.e. the circle never
changes sides:
Compare the following:
Bohemia
beseech, adhere
deserve,
unheated
inserted
Omaha
mischief, coffee-house
officer
Similarity to other strokes:
hay
rays/race, series ways yes, hat hit chats chits, hunt child's
Confusion as to which
stroke is meant is only likely when there is only one stroke in the
outline. An additional stroke in the outline makes it clear
which direction the strokes were written:
-
"hay" and "rays/race" could be confused, so keep the angle of
Ray shallow.
-
"series" "ways" and "yes" show why
a solitary downward Hay does not take final hooks or circle.
-
the writing direction of the
half length strokes becomes clear when the vowels are inserted, but
if vowels are omitted, then only the steep or shallow angle shows
which stroke is meant.
See also note on
Theory 10 Halving
"extra care straight strokes"
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When not to use
Silent longhand H is not represented in Pitman's
Shorthand:
heir heiress heirloom honest honestly hombre hacienda
haute cuisine, honour honourable dishonour ohm Brahms
vehemence exhibit exhort exhilarate exhaust
forehead rhetoric rhyme rhubarb threshold*
*this word is sometimes pronounced
with a separate additional H sound, a possibly false etymology from
"hold", but the dictionary outline
reflects the normal pronunciation
Hannah Hugh high bah
WH: the H sound is included in the Whay and Whel
strokes, therefore does not need to be indicated separately.
where while
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